Archon Construction Co. v. U.S. Shelter centers on a dispute for the replacement of defective sewer pipe for a
new subdivision in the City of Elgin, Illinois. The plaintiff was an
underground utility contractor, subcontracted by the defendant-developer/builder,
to install a sanitary sewer and storm water system for the subdivision. The work’s plans and specifications, which
were incorporated into the contract, contained a section entitled “City of
Elgin General Notes” which required that all underground construction comply
with the City’s and Illinois’s engineering and construction standards. As part of the General Note section, there
was also a requirement that all sanitary sewers shall be televised and tested
prior to acceptance. The plaintiff’s proposal also specifically stated that the
sanitary sewer system would be constructed exclusively with PVC pipe; the
General Notes gave the option of utilizing either ductile iron or PVC
pipe. The plaintiff started installation
of the sanitary sewer in April of 2005 and continued until August 2005. During its construction activities, the plaintiff
replaced three installed fittings that were not of the specified material
strength at no cost to the defendant.
In August of 2005, the sewer system passed
both an air and mandrel test whose results were accepted by the local water
authority and the project’s engineer certified to the defendant that the work
complied with the contract plans and specifications, the City’s specifications,
and Illinois’s specifications. The City required that the televised testing be
performed a year after installation to account for any settling that may
occur. The plaintiff engaged a third-party
testing agency to perform the televised testing in early 2007 which the City
reviewed, and then it performed its own televised testing. In July of 2007, the City rejected the work
and required that certain sections of the installed PVC pipe be replaced with
ductile iron pipe. The plaintiff
completed the necessary repairs and submitted a bill to the defendant for the
extra work in the amount of $247,432.41, which the defendant refused to pay, and
the parties moved to litigation. In
2013, this same Illinois Appellate Court overturned the defendant’s motion for
summary judgment award on the plaintiff’s breach of contract claim for the
extra work. On remand, the plaintiff
voluntarily dismissed its breach claim and proceeded solely on its quantum meruit
claim. The trial court found for the defendant concluding that quasi-contract
relief was not available to the plaintiff.
The plaintiff appealed.
The Court began its analysis by defining
quantum meruit as, “an expression that describes the extent of liability on a
contract implied in law (also called a ‘quasi-contract’); it is predicated on
the reasonable value of the services performed.” Barry Mogul & Associates,
Inc. v. Terrestris Development Co., 267 Ill. App. 3d 742, 749 (1994). The Court then provided the four elements of
quantum meruit required of plaintiff for recovery. The plaintiff must prove:
- It performed a service to benefit the defendant;
- It did not perform the service gratuitously;
- The defendant accepted the service;
- No contract existed to prescribe payment for the service.
Cove Management v. AFLAC, Inc., 2013 IL App (1st)
120884,
The Courts stated that the last element would
be controlling, and as a result of the dispute being based upon a claim of
extra work on a contract, the Court reviewed the nature of “extra work.”
By its nature, the Court mused, a claim for
“extra work” establishes that a contract was present because an element of the
claim is that the “extra work” was work performed outside of the scope of the
original contract. Inherently, a contract must have existed. The Court next attempted to define a line of
where “extra work” is considered to be within a contract which provides a
mechanism for recovery, and when “extra work” falls outside of a contractual
agreement and into in the realm of quantum meruit. In order to illustrate the difference, the
Court compares the cases of StarkExcavating, Inc. v. Carter Construction Services, Inc., 2012 IL App (4th)
110357 and Industrial Lift Truck ServiceCorp. v. Mitsubishi International Corp., 104 Ill. App. 3d 357, 361 (1982).
In Stark,
a concrete subcontractor claimed unjust enrichment and quantum meruit against
the general contractor for unpaid costs related to placing concrete under
winter conditions. In that instance, the Appellate Court held that as a result
of the subcontractor specifically excluding winter conditions in its proposal,
the “extra work” did not involve the same subject matter as the contract, and
accordingly the quantum meruit claim could proceed. In contrast, the Appellate Court in Industrial found that there was no
quantum meruit claim available to the plaintiff. Industrial
centered around a dealership agreement between a foreign manufacturer and domestic
seller of forklifts in which the plaintiff made changes to the design of the
forklift that it felt would make them more attractive to the American
market. At some point, the defendant
terminated the agreement, and the plaintiff filed suit claiming quantum meruit
for its design work in modifying the forklifts. In this case, the Appellate
Court found that the quantum claim could not proceed because the design
modifications fell within the same “general subject matter” of the contract.
The Court in the present case found that the
plaintiff’s “extra work” of replacing the installed sewer pipe was “part and
parcel” of the original subcontract to install a sanitary sewer system
acceptable to the city. “[The plaintiff’s] quantum meruit claim seeks to
recover for repairing and reinstalling that very same sewer system. That work
unquestionably involved the same “general subject matter” as the contract. The Court further discounted the plaintiff’s
argument that it was contracted to install PVC pipe (as per its proposal), and
not the iron pipe required by the City engineer for the replacement work by
stating:
“that does not change the fact
that the subject matter of the contract between the parties was the
installation of an acceptable sanitary sewer system; [Plaintiff’s] claims for
its costs to repair and replace portions of that installed system, as required
for the city’s approval, concerned that same subject matter. Thus, [plaintiff] cannot
avoid the effect of the general rule that the law will not imply a contract
where an express contract already exists between the parties on the same
subject matter.”
Finally, the Court pointed to the fact that
as part of the plaintiff’s proposal, it stated that any additional work for the
project would be completed on a negotiated or time and materials basis, thus
giving the plaintiff a contractual remedy for its “extra work claims.”
The Court affirmed the trial court’s judgment
in favor of the defendant.
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The author, Brendan Carter, is a contributor
to The Dispute Resolver and a former Student Division Liaison to the Forum on
Construction Law. He is an attorney and
a Senior Consultant with Navigant’s Global Construction Practice based in
Boston, MA. He may be contacted at
617.748.8311 or brendan.carter@navigant.com
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